I.             Institute of Health Sciences Programme

               i. Dep. Radiopharmacy Programme

                  a) Master of Science Programme (With Thesis)

                  b) PhD Programme (With Thesis)

               ii. ERU Programmes

                 a)Master of Science Programme (Non-Thesis)

II.            Institute of Applied Science Programme

              i. Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology Programme

                 a)Master of Science Programme (With Thesis)

                 b)PhD Programme (With Thesis)

1. I. Institute of Health Sciences Programme

1. i. Dep. Radiopharmacy Programme

a)Master of Science Programmes (With Thesis)

Lecture: ERF 600 Special Subject- M.Sc Thesis

Type and Credit: Compulsory, 4-0-4

Content:

• Thesis topic decision
• Literature survey related to the selected topic
• Research proposal preparation
• Experimental data collection
• Analysis and evaluation of data
• Reporting the research results.

Lecture:  ERF 603 Good Radiopharmacy Practice (GRP)

Type and Credit: Elective, 3-0-3

Content:

• Quality, Quality Assurance System
• Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and  Good Radiopharmacy Practice (GRP)
• Design of radiopharmacy laboratories
• Equipment used at radiopharmacy laboratories
• Particular, microbial and radioactive contamination and monitoring of these contamination and measurements required to reduce these contamination
• Quality control tests for radiopharmaceuticals ; radiochemical purity, radionuclidic purity
• Transportation of radioactive materials
• Waste management for radioactive disposals
• Documentation.

Lecture: ERF 604 Gamma Radiation Sterilization

Type and Credit: Elective, 3-0-3

Content:

• Sterilization methods and gamma radiation sterilization
• Sensitivity of microorganisms to radiation, usage and of biological indicators,
• Determination of Bioburden
• Determination of Sterility Assurance Level (SAL) dose and decision of sterilization dose, sterilization dose control
• Radiomicrobiology lab, instruments, techniques
• Validation of laboratory techniques
• Radiation sterilization facilities
• Regulations and standards (AAMI, ISO).

Lecture: ERF 607 Radiation Physics and Chemistry

Type and Credit: Elective, 2-0-2

Content:

• Atom, structure of nucleus
• Excited levels, isomers
• Electromagnetic radiation, particle-waves, nucleus reaction, isotopes
• Radionuclides production in reactors and cyclotrons
• Natural concentrations in environmental and biological structures
• Decay statistics
• Energy spectra
• Interaction of photons with materials
• Mass adsorption effect
• Interaction of electrons in materials
• Linear energy transfer
• Energy concentration
• Ionization
• Dose and dose constant
• Radiation measurement
• GM-tubes, scintillation and semi-conducting detectors
• Electronic in signals and data transfer, statistics of counting.

Lecture: ERF 609 Radiation Hygene (Radiation Protection)

Type and Credit: Elective, 3-0-3

Content:

• General knowledge on radioactivity and radioisotopes
• Principles of health physics
• Biological effects of radiation
• Equipment for health physics, dosimeters and dose limits
• Decontamination procedures
• Protection of staff working at radiopharmacy laboratory
• Radiation monitoring of working area, air, surface, staff
• Transportation of radioactive materials, disposal of radioactive wastes
• Regulations.

Lecture: ERF 610 Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals  

Type and Credit: Elective, 3-0-3

Content:

• Nuclear regulations, pharmacopeia, NRC and FDA regulations
• Characteristics of ideal radiopharmaceuticals
• Problems specific to radiopharmaceuticals
• Quality control tests carried on radiopharmaceuticals; radionuclidic purity
• Quality control tests carried on radiopharmaceuticals; chemical and radiochemical purity
• Quality control tests carried on radiopharmaceuticals;  sterility test, pyrogen test, biodistribution and toxicity tests
• Quality control tests carried on dose calibrators, Mo-99/Tc-99m generators
• Examples for radiopharmaceuticals used in clinic; Tc-99m-radiopharmaceuticals
• Examples of radiopharmaceuticals used in clinic; radioiodinated radiopharmaceuticals
• Examples of radiopharmaceuticals used in clinic; PET radiopharmaceuticals
• Examples of radiopharmaceuticals used in clinic; radiopharmaceuticals labeled with other radionuclides.

Lecture: ERF 611 Radiopharmaceuticals  

Type and Credit: Elective, 2-0-2

Content:

• Terminology
• Principles of radiopharmaceuticals
• Officinal and new radiopharmaceuticals; quality control, industrial production, design of new radiopharmaceuticals
• Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals
• Radioiodinated radiopharmaceuticals
• PET radiopharmaceuticals
• Radiopharmaceuticals labeled with other radionuclides
• Parameters effecting the usage of radiopharmaceuticals.

Lecture: ERF 613 Seminar

Type and Credit: Compulsory, 2-2-3

Content:

• New trends in radiopharmacy

Lecture: ERF 662 Literature Survey and Literature Evaluation In Radiopharmacy

Type and Credit: Compulsory, 3-0-3

Content:

• What is science, scientific knowledge, scientific methodology, research?
• Research types
• Data collection
• Searching in archives and library
• Use ULAKBİM for literature survey
• Documentary screening, cartotex system, index-book
• Computer based data systems, CA, Index Medicus, Current Content, SCI and ISTP  screening
• Reference writing systems
• Thesis / report / text writing
• ISBN and ISSN screening, DOI system
• Poster and oral presentation preparation
• Regulations, ethics, copyright, plagiarism.

Lecture: ERF 681 Introduction of Radiopharmacy

Type and Credit: Compulsory, 3-0-3

Content:

• What is radiopharmacy? Who is radiopharmacist? Definition of radiopharmaceutical, Comparison of drugs used in radiology and nuclear medicine
• Importance of radiopharmacy in health professions and terminology
• Atomic structure, radioactivity, radioisotope, radionuclide, types of irradiation, properties of irradiations
• Classification of radiopharmaceuticals, half-lives, characteristics of ideal radiopharmaceutical
• Production of radioactive materials, reactor, cyclotron and generators.
• Radiation protection and dosimeters
• Design of radiopharmacy laboratory
• Radiolabelling methods
• Cell internalization of radiopharmaceuticals
• Samples from pharmacopeia
• Radiopharmaceuticals and radioactive medical devices
• Commercial radiopharmaceuticals.

Lecture: ERF 682 Applied Liposome Technology

Type and Credit: Optional, 3-0-3

Content:

• Preparation of liposomes and other lipid based drug delivery systems
• Properties of these drug delivery systems
• Characterization studies
• In vitro and in vivo studies on liposomes and other lipid based drug delivery systems.

b) PhD Programme (With Thesis)

Lecture: ERF 700 Special Subject- PhD Thesis

Type and Credit: Compulsory, 5-0-5

Content:

• Thesis topic decision
• Literature survey related to the selected topic
• Preparation the research proposal
• Experimental data collection
• Analysis and evaluation of data
• Reporting the research results.

Lecture: ERF 701 Seminar

Type and Credit: Optional, 2-2-3

Content:

• New trends in radiopharmacy.

Lecture: ERF 702 Radioactive Tracers Used In Radiopharmacy

Type and Credit: Optional, 2-0-2

Content:

• Radiotracer design
• Preparation (concepts and criteria, tracer applications, radiolabeling, synthesis of 14C radiotracers, biosynthetic procedures)
• Chemical properties (radionuclidic purity, radiochemical purity, carrier-free radiotracers, stability of radiotracers: chemical effects, radiolysis)
• Biological properties (radiotracer receptors, radiotracer localization, radiotracer interaction with hormone receptors, enzyme receptors, metabolism of radiotracer, stimulation and depression, in vitro demonstration, biological fate of radiotracers, biological experimentation with radiotracers)
• Adverse effects of radiotracers
• Evaluation of radiotracer studies.

Lecture: ERF 703 Basics of Radiopharmacy

Type and Credit: Optional, 3-0-3

Content:

• Atomic and nuclear theory
• The radioactive nucleus; a, b and g decays
• Radioactive dose calculation
• Interaction of radiation with materials
• Biological effects of radiation
• Radionuclides for medical applications
• Dosimeters
• Radiation protection.

Lecture: ERF 705 Localization and Transportation Mechanism of Radiopharmaceuticals

Type and Credit: Compulsory, 3-0-3

Content:

• Cell internalization and localization mechanism of radiopharmaceuticals
• Biodistribution of radiopharmaceutical and parameters effecting biodistribution
• Biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals used in clinic
• Localization mechanism of radiopharmaceuticals
• Metabolism of radiopharmaceuticals
• Parameters changing the biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals used in clinic.

Lecture: ERF 706 Radiopharmacology

Type and Credit: Optional, 3-0-3

Content:

• Technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals: structure- activity relationships, their chemical potential and limitations
• Radioiodinated radiopharmaceuticals: structure- activity relationships, their chemical potential and limitations
• Indium labelled radiopharmaceuticals: chemistry of indium complexes
• Biological aspects of radiopharmacokinetics
• Principles, problems and trends in radiopharmacology
• Basic principles in clinical use of stable isotopes
• Pharmaceutical interaction with radiopharmaceuticals
• Toxicity and safety of radiopharmaceuticals
• Adverse reactions occurred with radiopharmaceuticals.

Lecture: ERF 708 Radiation Effects on Pharmaceuticals

Type and Credit: Optional, 2-0-2

Content:

• Radiation types and applications
• Radiation-material interaction
• Effects of gamma radiation on different pharmaceutical active ingredients and/or excipients
• Effects of gamma radiation on cosmetic and cosmeceutic active ingredient and/or excipients
• Effects of gamma radiation on parenteral and ophthalmic dosage forms
• Effects of gamma radiation on chemicals used in periodontology
• Tests applied for observing possible effects of gamma radiation; physicochemical, chemical, spectral evaluations and biological tests etc.
• Effects of gamma radiation on packaging materials.

Lecture: ERF 712 Practical Studies on Radiopharmacy

Type and Credit: Compulsory, 0-8-4

Content:

• Preparation of radiopharmaceuticals
• Radiolabeling
• Quality control of radiopharmaceuticals
• Commercial kits
• Elution of Mo-99/Tc-99m generators and quality control
• Storage of radiopharmaceuticals (cold and hot kits)
• Documentation
• Clinical applications of radiopharmaceuticals
• Use in imaging and therapy.

Lecture: ERF 771 New Developments on Radiopharmaceuticals and Drug Delivery Systems

Type and Credit: Optional, 2-0-2

Content:

• Design of new radiopharmaceuticals and radiolabeling methods
• Radioactive labelled peptide-proteins, macro aggregated albumin; properties and usage
• Radiolabelled colloids; properties and usage
• Radiolabelled blood cells; red blood cells, leucocytes, platelets, fibrinogen etc; properties and usage
• Radiolabelled antibodies; properties and usage
• Radiolabelled particulate drug delivery systems (i.e. liposomes, niosomes, sphingosomes, microspheres, nanoparticles, kitosomes, gelosomes).

Lecture: ERF 772 Hospital Application of Radiopharmaceuticals

Type and Credit: Optional, 2-4-4

Content:

• Radiopharmaceuticals currently used in clinic, their preparation and their application
• Radiopharmaceuticals used in heart imaging; case evaluation by radiopharmacist and nuclear medicine doctor
• Radiopharmaceuticals used in bone imaging; case evaluation
• Radiopharmaceuticals used in thyroid imaging; case evaluation
• Radiopharmaceuticals used in kidney imaging; case evaluation
• Radiopharmaceuticals used in brain imaging; case evaluation
• Radiopharmaceuticals used in respiratory system imaging; case evaluation
• Radiopharmaceuticals used in oncology; case evaluation
• Radiopharmaceuticals used for pediatric application; case evaluation
• Radiopharmaceuticals used for therapy; case evaluation.

Lecture: ERF 773 Medical Devices, Medical Gases and Radiopharmaceuticals 

Type and Credit: Optional, 3-0-3

Content:

• What is medical device? Comparison of medical devices, drug and radiopharmaceutical
• Medical devices and use in therapy  (comparison with combined preparations)
• Classification medical devices and regulations
• Medicinal gases as medical devices and radiopharmaceuticals, classification
• Terminology in medical devices
• GMP in medical device production
• Sterilization of medical devices and gamma radiation sterilization
• Radioactive and non-radioactive medical gases/medical devices
• Pharmacopeia monographs and clinical examples
• Labeling, packaging, documentation and record keeping.

Lecture: YET 790 Preparation To Doctoral Proficiency

Type and Credit: Compulsory, 0-4-2

Content:

• Individual study required to be succesful Doctoral Qualifying Examination.

1. ii. ERU Programme

-Master of Science Programme (Non-Thesis)

Lecture: ERU 506 General Principles in Licencing of Radiopharmaceuticals in Practice

Type and Credit: Compulsory, 2-0-2

Content:

• Regulations for radiopharmaceuticals (FDA regulations)
• Regulations for radiopharmaceuticals (European Union regulations)
• Radiopharmaceutical regulations in Turkey
• What is the concept of licensing file
• Required documents for radiopharmaceuticals manufacturing area
• Required documents for radiopharmaceuticals
• Good Radiopharmacy Practice (GRP) Guidelines for radiopharmaceuticals
• Short product characteristic
• Package leaflet
• Regulations for radiopharmaceuticals and radioactive medical gases
• Waste management
• Application for variations
• Assignment.

Lecture: ERU 507 Introduction To Radiopharmacy

Type and Credit: Optional, 2-0-2

Content:

• Definition of radiopharmacy, radiopharmacist, radiopharmaceuticals and radiochemical
• Importance of radiopharmacy in health area and related terminology
• Structure of atom, radioactivity, radioisotopes, types of radiation emission.
• Classification of radiopharmaceuticals, half lives, characterization of ideal radiopharmaceuticals
• Production of radioisotopes
• Radiation protection and dosimeters
• Radiation and biological effects
• Quality control of radiopharmaceuticals
• Design of radiopharmacy laboratory and GRP rules
• Waste management
• Radiopharmaceuticals from pharmacopeia
• Radiopharmaceuticals and radioactive medical devices.

1. II. Institute of Applied Sciences Programme

1. i. Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology Programme

a) Master of Science Programmes (With Thesis)

Other lectures in the content of postgraduate programmes of Dep. Radiopharmacy should be taken.

1. b) PhD Programmes (With Thesis)

Lecture: NNT 735 Vesicular Nano Drug Delivery Systems and Their Use in Diagnostic Imaging Modalities

Type and Credit: Optional, 3-1-3

Content:

• Rontgen, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and radionuclidic imaging modalities, contrast agents used for these imaging modalities and contrast agent loaded nano drug delivery sytems.

Aditionally other lectures in the content of PhD programmes of Dep. Radiopharmacy should be taken.